Safety and immunogenicity of pre-exposure prophylaxis of approved freeze-dried rabies vaccine(Vero cell) for human use in adults ≥18 years of age / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of pre-exposure prophylaxis of the approved freeze-dried rabies vaccine(Vero cell)(rabies vaccine in brief)for human use in adults ≥18 years of age.Methods Participants aged ≥18 years in Guizhou and Shanxi provinces from June 2022 to September 2022 were enrolled,vaccinated with 1 dose of rabies vaccine at 0,7,28 d respectively,and collected for 5. 0 mL of venous blood before the first dose and 14 d after the third dose. Immunofluorescence foci assay was used to detect rabies virus neutralizing antibodies,and adverse events were collected 0～7 d after each dose of vaccine.Results A total of 120 participants were enrolled,120 participants received the first dose of rabies vaccine,119 participants received the second dose and 118 participants received the third dose.Before the first dose of rabies vaccine,the seropositive rate of antibody was 2. 54% and the geometric mean concentration(GMC)was 0. 40 IU/mL. After the third dose of rabies vaccine,the seropositive rate and seroconversion rate were 100%,the GMC was 9. 68 IU/mL,and the geometric mean increase(GMI)was 23. 99. The incidence of adverse events 0～7 d after the first,second and third doses of rabies vaccine were 22. 50%,13. 45% and 4. 24%,respectively. The local adverse events were mainly pain,and the systemic adverse events were mainly fever,fatigue/weakness,dizziness,joint pain,and diarrhea.Conclusion Approved rabies vaccine showed good safety and immunogenicity in pre-exposure prophylaxis of people ≥ 18 years old.

Human platelet lysate efficiency, stability, and optimal heparin concentration required in culture of mammalian cells

BACKGROUND: Fetal bovine serum (FBS) has been used to support the growth and proliferation of mammalian cells for decades. Owing to several risk factors associated with FBS, several trials have been conducted to evaluate substitutes to FBS with the same efficiency and the lower risk issues.METHODS: In this study, human platelet lysate (HPL) derived from activated human platelets was evaluated as an alternative to FBS due to the associated risk factors. To evaluate the efficiency of the preparation process, platelet count was performed before and after activation. The concentrations of several growth factors and proteins were measured to investigate HPL efficiency. HPL stability was studied at regular intervals, and optimal heparin concentration required to prevent gel formation in various media was determined. The biological activity of HPL and FBS was compared by evaluating the growth performance of Vero and Hep-2 cell lines.RESULTS: Result of platelet count assay revealed the efficiency of HPL preparation process. Growth factor concentrations in HPL were significantly higher than those in FBS, while the protein content of HPL was lower than that of FBS. Stability study data showed that the prepared HPL was stable for up to 15 months at −20℃. Ideal heparin concentration to be used in different media was dependent on calcium concentration. Results of cell viability assay showed that HPL was superior to FBS in supporting the growth and proliferation of Vero and Hep-2 cells.CONCLUSION: The HPL prepared by the mechanical activation of platelets may serve as an efficient alternative to FBS in cell culture process.

High-density culture of Vero cells in novel perfusion bioreactor system

Viruses are the obligatory intracellular parasites infecting microbes, plants, animals, and humans. They aredead outside host cell but can take-over the host’s cell machinery as soon as they are into it. Several studies oninhibitor compounds have been done for animal viruses including those that are affecting humans, but thereis inadequacy in terms of research and literature for plant viruses that are responsible for losses in crop yieldand quality loss all across the globe. This could be focal point to study plant viruses, their transmission andpathogenicity, and to establish widely used, effective, and advanced approaches for their control. The purposeof this review is to discuss various approaches to control plant viruses that have been developed and applied tocombat plant viral infections. We have divided these approaches into two categories conventional (meristemtip culture, cryotherapy, thermotherapy, and chemotherapy) and advanced (nucleic acid-based approacheslike RNA Silencing, cross-protection, transgenic plants, gene pyramiding, and protein-protein interaction).Moreover, we have discussed and compared the principles, methodologies, advantages, and disadvantages ofeach technique. The approaches have been explored to promote their application in best suited way on variousplants to control viral diseases and to improve food crops quality with increase in production.

Construction of influenza B virus vero cell adapted strain by genetic reassortment / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

Objective@#To construct influenza B virus Vero cell adapted strain by genetic recombination technology by using the influenza B virus Vero cell adapted strain as the parent strain.@*Methods@#The chick embryo and Vero cell were co-infected with influenza virus Vero cell adapted strain B/Malaysia/2506/2004 Va (Bv) and the vaccine strain B/massachusetts/2/2012 (BX-51B) recommended by WHO. The reassortants were screened with the anti-Bv serum. Plaque-purified reassortants were used to screen for Vero cell-adapted influenza B virus strains containing the surface antigen of the epidemic strain.@*Results@#A Vero cell-adapted influenza B virus strain was obtained with successive passage in Vero cells. The hemagglutination inhibition test and the one-way immunogold agar diffusion test both showed that the reassortant virus was homologous to NYMC BX-51B, and sequence analysis result showed that the reassortment virus has the same HA and NA gene with the vaccine strain.@*Conclusion@#B/Malaysia/2506/2004Va (Bv) can be used as a parent strain to prepare Vero cell vaccine against influenza B virus.

Antifungal and cytotoxic activities of extracts obtained from underutilised edible tropical fruits

Objective: To evaluate antifungal and cytotoxic activities of four underutilised fruit species, i.e. Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit), Cynometra cauliflora (nam-nam), Mangifera pajang (M. pajang) (Bambangan) and Physalis minima (wild gooseberry). Methods: Extracts from the fresh flesh of Artocarpus altilis and Cynometra cauliflora, the flesh and kernel of M. pajang, and the whole fruit of Physalis minima were obtained by sequential extraction using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol and distilled water. Each extract was assessed against six species of human fungal pathogens using a colourimetric broth microdilution method. The cytotoxicity was evaluated using African monkey kidney epithelial (Vero) cells. Results: All 30 extracts showed inhibitory activity against Cryptococcus neoformans. However, none of the extracts were active against Aspergillus fumigatus. The ethanol, methanol and water extracts from the kernel of M. pajang fruit showed the strongest activity against three species of Candida and Trichophyton interdigitale, with a minimum inhibitory concentration range of 0.001 - 0.630 mg/mL. The corresponding mean 50% cytotoxic concentrations for these three extracts were 358.7, 158.4 and 261.3 μg/mL, respectively against Vero cells. In contrast, the flesh of M. pajang fruit (hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts) showed statistically significant (P<0.001; ANOVA) strong toxicity against the cells, with 30.6, 13.5 and 22.2 μg/mL of mean values of 50% cytotoxic concentrations, respectively. Conclusions: The results suggest that the bioactivity of the kernel of M. pajang fruit is more selective towards fungi and thus is a potential source of new antifungal agents.

Antifungal and cytotoxic activities of extracts obtained from underutilised edible tropical fruits

Objective: To evaluate antifungal and cytotoxic activities of four underutilised fruit species,i.e. Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit), Cynometra cauliflora (nam-nam), Mangifera pajang (M.pajang) (Bambangan) and Physalis minima (wild gooseberry). Methods: Extracts from the fresh flesh of Artocarpus altilis and Cynometra cauliflora, the flesh and kernel of M. pajang,and the whole fruit of Physalis minima were obtained by sequential extraction using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol and distilled water. Each extract was assessed against six species of human fungal pathogens using a colourimetric broth microdilution method. The cytotoxicity was evaluated using African monkey kidney epithelial (Vero) cells.Results: All 30 extracts showed inhibitory activity against Cryptococcus neoformans. However,none of the extracts were active against Aspergillus fumigatus. The ethanol, methanol and water extracts from the kernel of M. pajang fruit showed the strongest activity against three species of Candida and Trichophyton interdigitale, with a minimum inhibitory concentration range of 0.001 – 0.630 mg/mL. The corresponding mean 50％ cytotoxic concentrations for these three extracts were 358.7, 158.4 and 261.3 μg/mL, respectively against Vero cells. In contrast, the flesh of M. pajang fruit (hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts) showed statistically significant (P<0.001; ANOVA) strong toxicity against the cells, with 30.6, 13.5 and 22.2 μg/mL of mean values of 50％ cytotoxic concentrations, respectively. Conclusions: The results suggest that the bioactivity of the kernel of M. pajang fruit is more selective towards fungi and thus is a potential source of new antifungal agents.

Establishment and application of micro-neutralization test to determine neutralizing antibody against ZIKA virus in sera / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

Objective@#To develop a micro-neutralization test for determination of neutralizing antibody against ZIKA virus (ZIKV) in human sera and to verify the acute and convalescent serum samples of 10 ZIKA virus-infected cases diagnosed by nucleic acid detection and/or virus isolation.@*Methods@#ZIKV isolated from ZIKA cases was used to determine micro-neutralization antibody. The virus solution was prepared by infecting BHK21, VERO and VERO-E6 cell lines and viral titer was tested; 100 TCID50 viral solution and 4 times diluted sera which were inactivated at 56 ℃ for 30 min were neutralized, then added the cell suspension and incubated in 5% CO2 incubator at 37 ℃ for 7 d. The CPE was observed every day.@*Results@#The sensitivity of BHK21, VERO and VERO-E6 was different after infection with ZIKA virus. VERO cell line was the most sensitive and showed typical CPE. VERO cell line was used to establish a micro-neutralization test for determination of neutralizing antibody against ZIKA virus in sera.@*Conclusions@#The neutralizing antibody test for zika virus in sera is a special and usefulmethod to diagnose human infection of ZIKV and to conduct population based epidemiological investigation.

Nephro-Protective Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Melia Azadirachta Against H2O2 Induced Toxicity in Vero Cell Line.

Renal disorders have become very common nowadays, which may also lead to kidney failure. The disorder may be caused by the commonly used chemicals such as acetaminophen, CCl4, streptromycin, H2O2 etc. The objective of this work is to determine the nephroprotective potential of ethanolic extract against H2O2 induced toxicity in VERO cell line. Ethanolic extract is known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial effects, which make it a most sought for herbal medicine. Its characteristic features have identified this compound as a potential hepatoprotective and nephroprotective agent. VERO cells are cells taken from the kidney of an African green monkey, which are used in our study. The matured leaves of Melia Azadirachta were used to prepare ethanolic extract and the same was used to test for its inhibitory effect in 96 micro plate formats against in VERO cell lines. To study the cytotoxic properties of ethanolic extract against VERO cell line, we have tested the MTT assay with different concentrations in the range of 1000 to 62.5 μg/ml. From the performed assay, the effect of ethanolic extract drug reveals an enhanced activity on in VERO cell lines and that infers Melia Azadirachta, can be used as nephroprotective agent.

Antiviral effects of Reduning injection against Enterovirus 71 and possible mechanisms of action / 中国天然药物

The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of Reduning injection against Enterovirus 71 (EV71) in Vero cells and in mice. The Vero cells were infected with 100 and 50 TCID50 (50% tissue culture infective dose) of EV71, respectively. The inhibition of Reduning injection on cytopathic effect (CPE) was detected. Meanwhile, a mouse model produced by intraperitoneal EV71-infection (10(6) TCID50), was used to investigate the protective effects of Reduning injection. The total survival rate, living time, daily survival rate, weight ratio, and score for symptoms were examined. The viral loads in Vero cells and muscle tissues were detected using real-time PCR. Finally, the content of cytokines was analyzed by ELISA. In the Vero cells, 2.5 mg crude drug·mL(-1) of Reduning injection inhibited CPE induced by EV71 infection. In the mice, 1.3 g crude drug·kg(-1) of Reduning injection rescued death triggered by infection, in comparison with model group. Moreover, the survival rate, weight ratio, and clinical scores were also improved. The viral RNA copies in the Vero cells and the mice muscle tissues were reduced. Besides, the steep EV71-induced accumulations of TNF-α and MCP-1 were decreased by Reduning injection. In conclusion, Reduning injection showed promising protective effects against EV71 in Vero cells and in mice.

Construction of a Vero cell-based high-yield H7N9 influenza vaccine candidate strain / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To construct an H7N9 vaccine strain by using a previously obtained Vero cell-based high-yield influenza A virus as the donor strain.Methods The recombinant virus strains, 4mut-H7N9 and PR8-H7N9, were respectively rescued with reverse genetics technique by combining the genes en-coding hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of H7N9 virus with the 6 internal genes of PR8-4mut or PR8 virus strains.The growth feature of 4mut-H7N9 virus strain was compared with that of PR8-H7N9 vi-rus strain with growth curves and plaque assays.The viral proteins produced by 4mut-H7N9 and PR8-H7N9 virus strains were measured by Western blot and Coomassie blue staining.Results The PR8-H7N9 and 4mut-H7N9 virus strains were successfully rescued.The virus titer of 4mut-H7N9 strain was about 3000 times higher than that of PR8-H7N9 strain at 72 hours after infecting Vero cells.The 4mut-H7N9 virus strain formed plaques of about 1 mm in diameter on Vero cells, while the PR8-H7N9 virus strain only formed pin-point plaques on Vero cells.The levels of viral proteins encoded by purified 4mut-H7N9 virus strain were significantly higher than that of the PR8-H7N9 virus strain as indicated by both Western blot and Coomassie blue staining.Moreover, the 4mut-H7N9 virus strain was less pathogenic than PR8-H7N9 strain in mice, and retained the trypsin dependence for infecting cells.Conclusion The reassortant 4mut-H7N9 vaccine strain as established by reverse genetics technique grew faster and better in Vero cells, suggesting the possi-bility of using it as a candidate vaccine strain whenever facing a potential epidemic of H7N9 virus.

Packaging of the recombinant lentivirus of iRhom2 and its mutant and establishment of a stable iRhom2-expressing cell line / 中国实验动物学报

Objective To establish a stable transfection cell line of iRhom2 and its mutant through recombinant lentivirus infection.Methods The full-length gene of iRhom2 and its mutant were cloned into the lentivirus vector Lenti-OE-Flag, and got recombinant lentiviral vector of Lenti-OE-iRhom2 and Lenti-OE-iRhom2mut.The constructed recombi-nant lentivirus vectors were transfected into HEK-293T packaging cells to obtain the recombinant virus.Vero cells were in-fected with recombinant virus.The stable expressing cell lines were obtained by pressure screening with puromycin. Results The recombinant lentivirus vectors were constructed and the recombinant virus was obtained.The stable express-ing cell lines were obtained using virus infection and the protein expression was testified with Western blotting.Conclu-sions Stable iRhom2-expressing Vero cell line and its mutant are achieved by recombinant lentivirus infection.It paves the way for future study on biological functions and mechanism of iRhom2.

Mechanism and process optimization of ultrafiltration of residual DNA in rabies vaccine / 军事医学

Objective To control residual DNA by optimizing methodology during the production of rabies vaccine using Vero cells as a vector .Methods The antigen recovery rate was assessed by linked immunosorbent assay-sandwich technique while the residual DNA was detected by DNA probe hybridization method .Antigen recovery and removal of DNA were the main indexes for evaluateing ultrafiltration , the vital part of rabies vaccine production .Three key factors in ultrafiltration were assessed: selection of membrane packages , ultrafiltration pressure and the concentration ratio .Then protamine was used to pretreat ultrafiltrates .Based on the two indicators mentioned above , the effect of protamine pretreat-ment on the ultrafiltrate was evaluated .Results and Conclusion The optimum condition of ultrafiltration was obtained on the basis of the general antigen recovery rate , DNA removal rate and actual production .The primary parameters of ultrafil-tration were as follows:7.5 ×105 ultrafiltration membrane packages, 20 times concentrated, 15 psi ultrafiltration pressure. After pretreatment with protamine , ultrafiltration has proved to be a molecular sieve in intercepting DNA ,while protamine can tangle the fragmented DNA and form a larger molecular segment , which is believed to be more conducive to ultrafiltra-tion interception .

Pre-clinical toxicity & immunobiological evaluation of DNA rabies vaccine & combination rabies vaccine in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Background & objectives: Pre-clinical toxicology evaluation of biotechnology products is a challenge to the toxicologist. The present investigation is an attempt to evaluate the safety profile of the first indigenously developed recombinant DNA anti-rabies vaccine [DRV (100 μg)] and combination rabies vaccine [CRV (100 μg DRV and 1.25 IU of cell culture-derived inactivated rabies virus vaccine)], which are intended for clinical use by intramuscular route in Rhesus monkeys. Methods: As per the regulatory requirements, the study was designed for acute (single dose - 14 days), sub-chronic (repeat dose - 28 days) and chronic (intended clinical dose - 120 days) toxicity tests using three dose levels, viz. therapeutic, average (2x therapeutic dose) and highest dose (10 x therapeutic dose) exposure in monkeys. The selection of the model i.e. monkey was based on affinity and rapid higher antibody response during the efficacy studies. An attempt was made to evaluate all parameters which included physical, physiological, clinical, haematological and histopathological profiles of all target organs, as well as Tiers I, II, III immunotoxicity parameters. Results: In acute toxicity there was no mortality in spite of exposing the monkeys to 10XDRV. In sub chronic and chronic toxicity studies there were no abnormalities in physical, physiological, neurological, clinical parameters, after administration of test compound in intended and 10 times of clinical dosage schedule of DRV and CRV under the experimental conditions. Clinical chemistry, haematology, organ weights and histopathology studies were essentially unremarkable except the presence of residual DNA in femtogram level at site of injection in animal which received 10X DRV in chronic toxicity study. No Observational Adverse Effects Level (NOAEL) of DRV is 1000 ug/dose (10 times of therapeutic dose) if administered on 0, 4, 7, 14, 28th day. Interpretation & conclusions: The information generated by this study not only draws attention to the need for national and international regulatory agencies in formulating guidelines for pre-clinical safety evaluation of biotech products but also facilitates the development of biopharmaceuticals as safe potential therapeutic agents.

Simultaneous allergen inactivation and detoxification of castor bean cake by treatment with calcium compounds

Ricinus communis L. is of great economic importance due to the oil extracted from its seeds. Castor oil has been used for pharmaceutical and industrial applications, as a lubricant or coating agent, as a component of plastic products, as a fungicide or in the synthesis of biodiesel fuels. After oil extraction, a castor cake with a large amount of protein is obtained. However, this by-product cannot be used as animal feed due to the presence of toxic (ricin) and allergenic (2S albumin) proteins. Here, we propose two processes for detoxification and allergen inactivation of the castor cake. In addition, we establish a biological test to detect ricin and validate these detoxification processes. In this test, Vero cells were treated with ricin, and cell death was assessed by cell counting and measurement of lactate dehydrogenase activity. The limit of detection of the Vero cell assay was 10 ng/mL using a concentration of 1.6 x 10(5) cells/well. Solid-state fermentation (SSF) and treatment with calcium compounds were used as cake detoxification processes. For SSF, Aspergillus niger was grown using a castor cake as a substrate, and this cake was analyzed after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of SSF. Ricin was eliminated after 24 h of SSF treatment. The cake was treated with 4 or 8% Ca(OH)2 or CaO, and both the toxicity and the allergenic properties were entirely abolished. A by-product free of toxicity and allergens was obtained.

Antioxidant activity of methanol extracts of different parts of Lantana camara

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of Lantana camara (L. camara) various parts and the determination of their total phenolics content.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The extract was screened for possible antioxidant activities by free radical scavenging activity(DPPH), xanthine oxidase inhibition activity and Griess-Ilosvay method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The results showed that all the plant parts possessed antioxidant properties including radical scavenging, xanthine oxidase inhibition and nitrites scavenging activities. The antioxidative activities were correlated with the total phenol. The leaves extract of L. camara was more effective than that of other parts.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>This study suggests that L. camara extracts exhibit great potential for antioxidant activity and may be useful for their nutritional and medicinal functions.</p>

Experimental investigation on tumorigenicity of Vero cell in the process of passage / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To produce an experimental information for the safety assessment of Vero cells during subculture. Methods Passage and freeze on Vero cells, and Vero cells in different passages in vitro and in vivo tumorigenicity were tested. The protein expression of different Vero cell passages was analyzed. Results Vero cells passaged to p270 and 14 cell banks were developed and stored for future evaluation. In vitro and in vivo tumorigenicity Lest results of Vero cells in different passages were negative. Conclusion Although the tumorigenicity test results in vitro and in vivo process were negative, the protein expression of more than p200 Vero cells were changed, which produced the experimental reference for the safety evaluation of the process during the Vero cell passage.

The observation of side effects and immunogenicity for the application of domestic lyophilized non-adjuvanted rabies Vero-cell vaccine against rabies for the post-exposure group / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To observe the vaccination reactions and immunogenicity of the application of lyophilized Vero cell rabies vaccine without adjuvant in a way of low-dose intradermal injection for post-exposure group. Methods Conducting post-exposure immunization for 256 persons with the class Ⅱ level exposure to rabies. Based on a randomized, single-blind principle, all subjects were divided into intradermal injection (ID) group (n= 128),injected 0.1 ml for each site in accordance with 0,3,7,28,90 d,2 sites,2 sites,2sites,1 site,1 site respectively, and intramuscular injection(IM) group(n= 128) in accordance with 0,3,7,14,28 d in full-volume (0.5ml) PVRV Deltoid injection. The local and systemic vaccination reactions were observed for the different injection ways. The indirect sandwich ELISA assay was used to analyze the antibody levels. Results For the intradermal injection group, the incidence rates for local redness and swelling, induration, pain, itch were 1.27%, 0.29% ,0.49% ,11.43% respectively,for the intramuscular group, the incidence rates were 1.09% ,0. 16% ,2. 81% ,1.41% respectively. From the point of systemic reactions,the incidence rates of fever,rash,headache,fatigue and weakness were 0.31 % ,0. 16% ,0. 31 % , 1.09% respectively in the intradermal injection group,and the rates were 0.31% ,0.31% ,0.63% , 1.09% respectively in intramuscular group. All the adverse effects often occurred following the 1st,2nd injection. The seroconversion rates for intradermal injection and intramuscular were 94.53% ,95.31% following 14 d immunization respectively,the rates were 96. 83% ,97.64% following 42 d immunization respectively. For the post-exposure group,no statistical difference in significance was found between the two seroconversion rates. Conclusion For the application of domestic lyophilized Vero cell rabies vaccine,its adverse reactions are mild,and immunogenicity is good.

Meta-analysis on Serological Effect of the Primary Vaccination for Japanese Encephalitis of the Literatures / 中国疫苗和免疫

Objectives To summary and compare the different seroconversion rates after the primary vaccination for the Japanese encephalitis (JE),and to evaluate the serological effect of 3 kinds of JE vaccines.Method Searching "CHKD","Wanfang" database and "EMCC" databases,the studies of the immunogenicity after the primary JEV vaccination,all randomized controlled trials or non-randomized controlled trials were included,and statistical analysis were made by RevMan 4.2.10 software.Results A total of 12 literatures were included,7 studies had control groups.The seroconversion rates after the primary vaccination,JEV-L,JEV-I (Vero) and JEV-I(PHK),were 86% (95% CI:80% ～ 91%),83% (95% CI:72% ～ 94%) and 64% (95% CI:58% ～ 69%) respectively.Comparing the seroconversion rates of the 3 kinds of vaccines after primary immunization,the rate of JEV-I (Vero) was significantly higher than the rate of JEVI(PHK),other comparisons were no significant difference.Conclusion The serological effects of JEV-L and JEV-I (Vero) after the primary vaccination were higher than that of JEV-I (PHK).

Preliminary Experimental Adaptation Of VNUCOVO - 32 Rabies Vaccine Strain into Vero Cell

Introduction: Rabies is a serious problem in the area of public health in developing countries including Vietnam. The death rate is almost 100%, however rabies can be prevented and preventively treated by vaccine, or a combination between vaccine with rabies resistant serum. The production of Vero cell culture vaccine is becoming a common trend worldwide because of its effective protection and safety. There is a requirement for the domestic production of cell cultured rabies vaccine. \r\n', u'Objectives: To determine the adaptive ability of VNUCOVO - 32 rabies vaccine strain into Vero cell. \r\n', u'Subjects and Method: Rabies vaccine propagation strains the rat\u2019s kidney cells. VNUCOVO - 32 was cultured into Vero cell with different conditions such as pH, temperature, multiplicity of infection (MOl) and time of virus harvests to discover the optimal conditions for virus propagation. \r\n', u'Results: The optimal condition for VNUCOVO - 32 propagation into vero cell with MOl 0.3, pH 7.4 and temperature is 37\xb0C. The highest titer achieves 103,4FFLJ/ml. The best time for virus harvest is 12 - 13 days post inoculation. \r\n', u'Conclusion: VNUCOVO rabies vaccine strain can penetrate and propagate into vera cell. \r\n', u'

Immunoelectron microscopy and ultrastructural studies of rotaviruses in Vero cell and primary monkey kidney cells

Background: The method of immunoelectron microscopy has been found more than 20 years. It is widely applied to detect and identify some types of virus in medical waste samples.\r\n', u'Objectives: To identify antigen location of Rota virus in organelle of the Vero cell and primary monkey kidney cells after infecting and to study the interaction between the virus and host cells.\r\n', u'Subjects and methods: The study was conducted on Rota virus G1P8 (KH0118) isolated from patients with symptoms of acute diarrhea, primary monkey kidney cells collected from Macaca mulatta monkey and the Vero cell of WHO. \r\n', u'Results: Gold particles (10nm) coated protein A and polyclonal antibodies were used to interact directly with Rotavirus proteins \r\n', u'These gold particles with high electron density revealed the antigen location of the Rota virus in the lysosome, pouch and other compartments of the cytoplasm.\r\n', u'Newly assembled viral particles could be identified only after 18-20hours post-infection. It is also noteworthy that viral particles and empty capsides (virus like particles) were comprised into cytoplasmic vesicles associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi system.\r\n', u'Conclusion: In order to better understand the interaction mechanism of virus and host cells, the use of this method together with specific monoclonal antibodies for each protein component of viruses and cells is essential.\r\n', u'\r\n', u'\r\n', u'